Association between exposure to pesticide and disorder on hematological parameters and endocrine function. Possible ameliorative effects of medicinal plants extract

Abstract

Acetamiprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is widely employed in agricultural pest management due to its high efficacy in targeting insect nervous systems. However, both acute and chronic exposure to acetamiprid may exert adverse effects beyond target pests, potentially impairing the immune and endocrine systems in non-target organisms, including mammals. This study investigates the protective potential of Juniperus phoenicea aqueous extract against acetamiprid-induced toxicity. We assessed the impact of acetamiprid exposure on immune function, hormonal balance, and antioxidant defense mechanisms, alongside the ameliorative effects of juniper extract. 28 female rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 each) and administered daily oral doses of acetamiprid 20 mg/kg/day, Juniperus phoenicea extract 200 mg/kg/day, a combination of both, or vehicle control for 30 days via gavage. Results demonstrated that acetamiprid exposure induced significant toxicity characterized by hyperglycemia, marked body weight loss, and hematological alterations . Endocrine analysis revealed significant decreases in circulating estrogen and progesterone levels, indicating hormonal disruption. Furthermore, oxidative stress markers in ovarian and adrenal tissues were altered, as evidenced by diminished glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, reduced reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and elevated catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, it adversely affects the morphology of the ovaries and the function of the endocrine glands. Co-administration of Juniperus phoenicea extract significantly ameliorated these biochemical and physiological disturbances, restoring hematological parameters, hormonal levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities toward normal ranges. The protective effects of juniper are likely mediated by its bioactive phytochemicals exhibiting potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings underscore the potential of Juniperus phoenicea as a natural therapeutic agent to mitigate pesticide-induced toxicity and oxidative damage.